Asymptomatic Brain Injury Linked to Atrial Fibrillation

Researchers from the Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute in Salt Lake City have found that patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) also show signs of asymptomatic brain injury. They reported the results of their study at the American Heart Association Scientific Session conference in Chicago.

The team enrolled 246 patients in the study: 198 with atrial fibrillation and 48 without AF. They then obtained plasma samples from Intermountain Healthcare’s Intermountain Heart Collaborative INSPIRE registry and tested them for the circulating levels of four biomarkers associated with brain injury: glial specific GFAP and S100b, GDF15 (a stress response marker), and neuron-specific tau-protein. They found that levels of three of those biomarkers – Tau, GDF15, and GFAP – were significantly higher in patients with atrial fibrillation.

“We think patients with atrial fibrillation experience chronic, subclinical cerebral injuries,” said Oxana Galenko, Ph.D., a molecular biologist at the Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, and the study’s lead investigator. “It becomes absolutely critical to identify the early markers of this injury and help these patients who are at higher risk of having subsequent neurodegenerative problems, such as cognitive decline and dementia.”

According to Dr. Galenko, recent results from the Swiss Atrial Fibrillation Cohort Study points in the same direction—that atrial fibrillation causes brain injury. In the study, researchers performed MRIs on atrial fibrillation patients and found that 41% showed signs of at least one kind of a silent brain damage.

Atrial fibrillation is an irregular and sometimes rapid heartbeat that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure, and other heart-related problems. Between 2.7 and 6.1 million Americans suffer from the condition, according to the Centers for Disease Control. It causes 750,000 hospitalizations and 130,000 deaths each year.

If people with AF are suffering from ongoing brain injuries, they can also be at higher risk of developing everything from depression to neurodegeneration, said Dr. Galenko, who added that it could be because atrial fibrillation alters blood flow through the body, including to and from the brain, which could lead to cerebral injury and disruption of the blood-brain barrier, which filters blood to and from the brain and spinal cord. If it’s not working correctly, neuro-specific molecules like GFAP and Tau get into the bloodstream, which was seen in this study.

Dr. Galenko said the next step is to do the same kind of analysis on a larger group of patients. She believes a blood test would be the way to move forward if a method was developed to see which atrial fibrillation patients are also experiencing a brain injury, for the simple reason that it’s a lot cheaper and easier to do than an MRI.

“At this stage, we’re at the very beginning of studying this link, but it’s a step forward toward addressing the problem,” she pointed out.