CRISPR Researchers Create TB-Resistant Cattle

    Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).  Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms; in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.

    Tuberculosis (TB) has long been a problem for cattle farmers in developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa.  With over 10 million active cases in 2015 and close to 2 million deaths, TB remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Moreover, the rampant spread of drug-resistant TB has rendered many common therapies and vaccines useless. Yet now, a team of researchers from the College of Veterinary Medicine at Northwest A&F University in Shaanxi, China, has successfully utilized an innovative form of the genome-editing technique CRISPR to insert a new gene into the cow genome, rendering the animals much more resistant to tuberculosis.

    “We used a novel version of the CRISPR system called CRISPR/Cas9n to successfully insert a tuberculosis resistance gene, called NRAMP1, into the cow genome,” explained senior study investigator Yong Zhang, Ph.D., principal investigator at Northwest A&F University. “We were then able to successfully develop live cows carrying increased resistance to tuberculosis. Importantly, our method produced no off-target effects on the cow genetics, meaning that the CRISPR technology we employed may be better suited to producing transgenic livestock with purposefully manipulated genetics.”

    CRISPR technology has become widely used in the laboratory in recent years as it is an accurate and relatively easy way to modify the genetic code. However, sometimes unintentional changes to the genetic code occur as an off-target effect, so finding ways to reduce these is a priority for genomics research.

    “When you want to insert a new gene into a mammalian genome, the difficulty can be finding the best place within the genome to insert the gene,” Dr. Zhang noted. “You have to hunt through the genome, looking for a region that you think will have the least impact on other genes that are in close proximity. We employed a meticulous and methodological approach to identify the best-suited region for gene insertion, which we show has no detectable off target effects on the bovine genome.”

    In this study, the investigators inserted the NRAMP1 gene into the genome of bovine fetal fibroblasts—cells derived from female dairy cows—using the CRISPR/Cas9n technology. These cells were then used as donor cells in a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning), where the nucleus of a donor cell carrying the new gene is inserted into an egg cell, known as an ovum, from a female cow.

    Next, the ova were nurtured in the lab into embryos before being transferred into mother cows for a normal pregnancy cycle. As a control, the experiments were also conducted using the standard CRISPR/Cas9 technology as a comparison. A total of 11 calves with new genes inserted using CRISPR were able to be assessed for resistance to tuberculosis and any off-target genetic effects.

    Genetic analysis of the calves revealed that NRAMP1 had successfully integrated into the genetic code at the targeted region in all of the calves. None of the calves that had the gene inserted using the new CRISPR/Cas9n technology had any detectable off-target effects, whereas all of the calves with the gene inserted with previously used techniques for CRISPR/Cas9 did.

    Remarkably, when the calves were exposed to Mycobacterium bovis, the bacterium that causes bovine tuberculosis, the researchers found that transgenic animals showed an increased resistance to the bacterium measured by standard markers of infection in a blood sample. Additionally, they found that white blood cells taken from the calves were much more resistant to M. bovis exposure in laboratory tests.

    “Our study is the first demonstrating that the CRISP/Cas9n system can be used to create transgenic livestock with no detectable off target effects,” Dr. Zhang concluded. “Our work has led to the discovery of a useful position in the bovine genome that can be targeted with this gene-editing technology to successfully insert new genes that benefit agricultural livestock.”