Marine Snail Venom May Serve as Opioid Alternative for Pain Relief

    Opioid painkillers are up to the task of tackling pain, but they also come with a terrible side effect: a very high potential for severe addition that can be hard to break. The medical community has long sought alternatives to opioids that would be as effective while eliminating or reducing the addiction potential, and now researchers may have found that alternative. It comes, oddly enough, from the venom of a tiny sea snail.

    Researchers at the University of Utah reportedly have found a compound that blocks pain by targeting a pathway not associated with opioids. Work with rodents indicates that the benefits continue long after the compound has cleared the body, notes the study published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.

    “Nature has evolved molecules that are extremely sophisticated and can have unexpected applications,” begins Baldomera Olivera, Ph.D., professor in biology at the University of Utah. “We were interested in using venoms to understand different pathways in the nervous system.”

    Conus regius, a small marine cone snail common to the Caribbean Sea, produces a venom capable of paralyzing and killing its prey. In this study, the researchers found that a compound isolated from snail’s venom, RgIA, acts on a pain pathway distinct from that targeted by opioid drugs. Using rodent models, the scientists showed that alpha9alpha10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) function as pain pathway receptors and that RgIA4 is an effective compound to block this receptor. The pathway adds to a small number of nonopioid-based pathways that could be further developed to treat chronic pain.

    Interestingly, the duration of the pain relief is long, greatly outlasting the presence of the compound in the animal’s system.

    The compound works its way through the body in 4 hours, but the scientists found the beneficial effects lingered. “We found that the compound was still working 72 hours after the injection, still preventing pain,” said J. Michael McIntosh, M.D., professor of psychiatry at the University of Utah Health Sciences. The duration of the outcome may suggest that the snail compound has a restorative effect on some components of the nervous system.

    “What is particularly exciting about these results is the aspect of prevention,” said Dr. McIntosh. “Once chronic pain has developed, it is difficult to treat. This compound offers a potential new pathway to prevent pain from developing in the first place and offer a new therapy to patients who have run out of options.”

    Previous research had shown that RgIA was effective in rodents, but the scientists wanted to ensure they had a compound that would work in people. To do this, they used synthetic chemistry to engineer 20 analogs of the compound. In essence, the scientists started with a key (RgIA) that fits into a lock (the pain pathway receptor alpha9alpha10 nAChR). Using the key as a template, they developed analogs with slightly different configurations. The scientists found one key that best fit the lock: the analog RgIA4 tightly bound to the human receptor.

    To test whether the compound relieved pain, the scientists administered it to rodents that were exposed to a chemotherapy drug that causes extreme cold sensitivity, as well as hypersensitivity to touch. “Interactions that are not normally painful, like sheets rubbing against the body or pants against the leg, become painful,” said Dr. McIntosh.

    While the untreated rodents experienced pain after exposure to the chemotherapy drug, rodents given the compound did not experience pain. Nor did rodents that were genetically altered to lack the pain pathway receptor. This work demonstrates that alpha9alpha10 nAChR acts as a pain pathway receptor and that RgIA4 prevents the receptor from being activated.

    Most pain medications available today work through a limited number of pathways and are not sufficient to alleviate chronic pain. “RgIA4 works by an entirely new pathway, which opens the door for new opportunities to treat pain,” said Dr. McIntosh. “We feel that drugs that work by this pathway may reduce burden of opioid use.”

    The researchers will continue to the next step of preclinical testing to investigate the safety and effectiveness of a new drug therapy.