Scientists Discover Potential Solution to Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

    Scientists at Harvard say they have created a new platform for antibiotic discovery that may help solve the crisis of antibiotic resistance. In a study (“A Platform for the Discovery of New Macrolide Antibiotics”) published in Nature, Andrew G. Myers, Ph.D., and colleagues describe “a platform where we assemble eight (chemical) building blocks by a simple process to make macrolide antibiotics” without using erythromycin, the original macrolide antibiotic, and the drug upon which all others in the class have been based since the early 1950s.

    Erythromycin, which was discovered in a soil sample from the Philippines in 1949, has been on the market as a drug by 1953. “For 60 years chemists have been very, very creative, finding clever ways to ‘decorate’ this molecule, making changes around its periphery to produce antibiotics that are safer, more effective, and overcome the resistance bacteria have developed,” says Dr. Myers, Amory Houghton Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology in Harvard’s Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology. “That process is semisynthesis, modifying the naturally occurring substance.”

    In contrast, the process described in the Nature study involves using “eight industrial chemicals or substances derived from them,” according to Dr. Myers, and manipulating them in various combinations and then testing the products against panels of disease causing bacteria. This allows us to make new “new compounds in fewer steps than was previously possible.”

    For a host of reasons, from the difficulty of developing antibiotics to the relatively low return on investment they offer, by 2013 the number of international pharmaceutical companies developing antibiotics had dwindled to four. And in each 5-year period from 1983 through 2007, the number of new antibiotics approved for use in the U.S. decreased, from 16 at the beginning of that period to only five by its end.

    One thing that has complicated antibiotic development is a perceived reluctance by federal agencies to fund the research. In fact, Dr. Myers says, his new antibiotic development system would have been impossible without support from a Harvard alum and his wife who are interested in science and Harvard’s Blavatnik Accelerator Fund, which provided support for the initial creation of Myers’s company Macrolide Pharmaceuticals.

    “I was making a presentation to a group of visiting alumns interested in science and one, Alastair Mactaggart, asked me about funding. I told him I had no funding because at that time we didn’t, and he followed me back to my office and said, ‘this is ridiculous: we have to do something about this’.”

    Dr. Myers said that without the support of Mactaggart and his wife, Celine, and the Gustavus and Louise Pfeiffer Research Foundation, the new antibiotic creation platform would not exist. “And the Blavatnik Accelerator funding was also hugely important.”

    “One of the things that’s quite encouraging about the data in our paper is that some of the structures we’ve made are active against clinical bacterial strains that are resistant to every known macrolide,” notes Dr. Myers.

    In fact, he added, two of the 350 compounds reported on in the Nature paper have, in initial testing, shown efficacy against a bacterium that has become resistant to vancomycin, “which is known as the antibiotic of last resort. And if you have a bug that’s resistant to vancomycin, you’re in trouble,” Dr. Myers adds.

    He is quick to point out that the road from drug candidate to a treatment at the bedside is long, arduous, and expensive.

    “I said to a friend the other day that I’m really pleased this paper is out. My students worked unbelievably hard to make this happen. But if this is where this ends, I won’t be satisfied. Our objective from day one was to have a drug in the clinic.”