The main aim of drug development is to get a compound that has a therapeutic effect into the form of a medicine we can dose to patients that is safe and effective. A drug must reach the site of action in a quantity sufficient to exert its pharmacological effects, and be eliminated in a reasonable timeframe. DMPK, an acronym that stands for drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, considers how the drug is metabolized and processed by the body. Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of the time course of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of a drug, compound or new chemical entity (NCE) after its administration to the body. ADME test results can be used to predict how the drug will behave in the body and to assess its potential for adverse interactions with other drugs.
Bioanalytical support plays a vital role during the lead optimization stages. The major goal of the bioanalysis is to assess the over-all ADME characteristics of the NCEs and biologics. Bioanalytical tools can play a significant role and impact the progress in drug discovery and development. Dramatic increases in investments in new modalities beyond traditional small and large molecule drugs, such as peptides, oligonucleotides, and ADC, necessitated further innovations in bioanalytical and experimental tools for the characterization of their ADME and PK properties.
Medicilon’s DMPK&BA department offers our clients a broad spectrum of high quality services in the areas of in vitro ADMET, in vivo PK & BA, and non-GLP Tox services for both small and large molecule drugs, such as proteins, antibodies, oliogonucleotides, ADC and new modalities. We have available all common laboratory animal species such as non-human primates, canines, minipigs, mice, rats, rabbits, etc.
In Vitro ADMET
- Liver microsomes / S9 / Hepatocyte metabolic stability
- CYP450 enzyme inhibition & TDI
- CYP450 enzyme induction
- Enzyme phenotype analysis
- Plasma protein binding
- Plasma (serum) stability
- In vitro MetID and metabolic pathways
- GSH-trapping
- Whole blood / plasma distribution
- Permeability and efflux
- Transporters
- (P-gp/BCRP/OATs/OCTs/OATPs/MATEs/BSEP/MRPs)
- BBB penetration,Kp,uu
- hERG
- Mini-Ames, Ames
In Vivo PK & Non-GLP Tox
- Species：Mouse (ICR, C57, balb/c, SCID, Nude mouse), Rat (SD, Wistar), Guinea pig, Mini-pig, Rabbit, Canine (beagle dog), Cynomolgus monkey
- Administration Routes: Intravenous (IV), Oral (PO), Subcutaneous (SC), Intramuscular (IM), Intraperitoneal (IP),
Topical, Transdermal, IT etc. - Dose Strategies: Single, multiple and cassette dosing
- Serial blood microsampling
- In vivo metabolite identification and quantitation
- Tissue distribution
- Mass balance with excretion
- Pre-formulation screening
- PK/PD & human PK modeling
- Tox, MTD, DRF
- 125I/14C/3H labeled isotope drug metabolism and mass balance studies
- Surgical techniques: Venous cannulation, biliary cannulation, infusion pump, liver/muscle biopsy and implantation
Our Preclinical Pharmacokinetics Department has many professional scientists with rich theoretical knowledge and experimental experience for experimental design, implementation, bioanalysis and data analysis. Learn more.
Medicilon Cases
Medicilon Case: ADME and Toxicology Evaluation
TOP5300 is an orally active follicle stimulating hormone receptor allosteric agonist that provides a preferred treatment for over 16 million infertile women of reproductive age in low complexity methods or in high complexity methods. TOP5300 represents a new allosteric agonist with potential for ovarian stimulation in women. Thesafety profile demonstrated lack of toxicity.
TOP5300 was evaluated in standard ADME, including Cytochrome P450 inhibition, clearance and pharmacokinetic profiles. Toxicological evaluations were performed in both rat and dog as the second species according to the guidance from FDA. These assays were performed by Medicilon.
![ADME properties of TOP5300[1]](https://www.medicilon.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1712828214592-1024x268.webp)
Medicilon’s Bioanalysis Department has a professional scientific research team with analysis laboratories equipped with advanced instruments. We utilise pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity and bioequivalence data, so as to provide our clients with services that facilitate the preclinical and clinical selection and development of small molecule drugs, biological preparations, vaccines and biomarkers. Learn more.
Medicilon Case: ADME Study
Aberrant activation of the PI3K pathway has been intensively targeted for cancer therapeutics for decades. In this work, researchers designed and synthesized a novel photocaged PI3K inhibitor 1, which could be readily activated by UV irradiation to release a highly potent PI3K inhibitor 2.
To elucidate the difference in ADME properties between compounds 1 and 2, several studies were conducted including plasma protein binding assays, plasma, and liver microsomal stability assays as well as Caco-2 permeability assays. Both compounds showed high plasma protein binding (>98%) as well as a long plasma half-life (>120 min) in rat and dog.
In the liver microsomal stability assay, compound 1 showed a much shorter half-life than the uncaged compound 2. In addition, compound 1 was much less permeable compared to compound 2 in the Caco-2 assay, which may be attributed to its largely increased molecular size. ADME studies of compounds 1 and 2 were conducted by Medicilon.
![ADME Properties of Compounds 1 and 2[2]](https://www.medicilon.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1712828235066-1024x169.webp)
Medicilon Case: PROTAC PK and Plasma Stability Studies
![Summary of PK Data for five highly potent AR degraders in Male ICR Mice[3]](https://www.medicilon.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1712828258221-1024x212.webp)
The plasma and microsomal stability data show that ARD-2128 has excellent plasma and microsomal stability in in mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and humans. The stability was studied in Medicilon.
![Plasma Stability of ARD-2128 in Five Species[3]](https://www.medicilon.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1712828282232.webp)
Medicilon Case: PROTAC Microsomal Metabolic Stability, hERG and Plasma Stability Studies
Medicilon Case: Oligonucleotide Drugs Bioanalysis
Compound A –siRNA plasma quantification (20 µL plasma)
- Sensitivity: 10 ng/ml
- 20 µL plasma!
- 1344 injections (runs)
- Good reproducibility
- CV< 10%
- Waters Xevo TQ-XS
- 1 ng/ml feasible by MS!
Medicilon Case: ADC Pharmacokinetic Study
The ADC molecule raises the difficulties of PK study as each component of the ADC molecule has unique PK characteristics. Medicilon provides high quality quantification assays for key parameters in ADC pharmacokinetic evaluations, presenting accurate results.
| Analyte | Description | Common analysis methods |
|---|---|---|
| Conjugated Anitbody | Antibody with minimum of DAR >= 1 | LBA |
| Total Antibody | Conjugated, partially unconjugated and fully unconjugated (DAR >= 0) | LBA |
| Small Molecules | Released/free samllmolecule and its metabolities | LC-MS/MS |
| ADA | Antibodies against antibody of ADC, linker or drug | LBA |
Summary
- We offer a full suite of in vivo ADME and PK services, conducted by a team with near 20 years of experience.
- We maintain an AAALAC -accredited facility with clean rooms for cell culture, an animal care vivarium, and a large variety of instrumentation to perform IND-enabling studies to support your compound’sdevelopment.
- We offer you our expertise in DMPK & non-GLP/GLP bioanalysis and toxicology, to support you in the complete characterization of the ADME properties and the evaluation of the toxicity of your future clinical candidate.
- From our global locations, we serve many of the largest pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in America, Europe and Asia. Our highly trained scientists utilize an extensive range of leading-edge technology, automation and state-of-the-art techniques.
References
[1] Selva Nataraja, et al. Discovery and Preclinical Development of Orally Active Small Molecules that Exhibit Highly Selective Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor Agonism. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Jan 14;11:602593. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602593.
[2] Kehui Zhang, et al. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Photocaged PI3K Inhibitor toward Precise Cancer Treatment. J Med Chem. 2021 Jun 10;64(11):7331-7340. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02186.
[3] Xin Han,et al. Strategies toward Discovery of Potent and Orally Bioavailable Proteolysis Targeting Chimera Degraders of Androgen Receptor for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer.J Med Chem. 2021 Sep9;64(17):12831-12854. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00882.
[4] Weiguo Xiang, et al. Discovery of ARD-2585 as an Exceptionally Potent and Orally Active PROTAC Degrader of Androgen Receptor for the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer.J Med Chem.2021 Sep 23;64(18):13487-13509. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00900.
